![]() ![]() Also, the patella articulates with the femoral trochlear groove. During this motion, the tibial condyles articulate with the femoral condyles as well as the medial and lateral menisci. The knee is a weight-bearing joint that serves to allow flexion and extension of the lower leg around a transverse axis in a sagittal plane. Synovial fluid is made by synovial membranes and serves to reduce friction between articular surfaces of the knee. Many of these structures mentioned above are part of the articular capsule, which serves to stabilize the knee further and contain synovial fluid. Bursas are small sacs made up of synovial membranes and contain synovial fluid. ![]() The knee contains multiple bursas, which serve to reduce friction between structures of the knee. It also protects the anterior articular surface of the femoral portion of the knee. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body and functions as an attachment point for the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament. The knee’s bony structures include the distal end of the femur, proximal end of the tibia, and patella. They function as shock absorbers, static stabilizers, and friction reducers during articulation. The medial and lateral menisci are 2 separate fibrocartilage structures that are located between the articular surfaces of the tibia and femur. The LCL attaches at the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the head of the fibula and functions to prevent varus stress on the knee. The MCL attaches at the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia and functions to prevent valgus stress on the knee. The PCL attaches at the medial condyle of the femur and the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and functions to prevent forward displacement of the femur on the tibia. The ACL attaches at the lateral condyle of the femur and the intercondyloid eminence of the tibia and functions to prevent anterior translation of the tibia on the femur. ![]() The 4 main stabilizing ligaments of the knee are the anterior cruciate (ACL), posterior cruciate (PCL), medial collateral (MCL), and lateral collateral (LCL). The anatomical function and stability of the knee depend on muscles, bones, ligaments, cartilage, synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and other connective tissues. It joins the lower leg and thigh bilaterally and is an essential component of efficient bipedal movements such as walking, running, and jumping. It primarily serves as a hinge joint which allows flexion and extension as well as various other movements. It is a compound synovial joint that consists of the tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint. The knee is the largest joint in the body. ![]()
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